Pope Clement VII, himself a Medici, appointed his relative Alessandro de’ Medici as Duke of the Florentine Republic, thereby transforming the Republic of Florence into a hereditary monarchy.The second Duke, Cosimo I, established a strong Florentine navy and expanded his territory, purchasing Elba and conquering Siena. In 1569, the Pope declared Cosimo Grand Duke of Tuscany. The Medici ruled the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until 1737.
■ Origins and Constitution
Florence had been under informal Medici control since 1434. During the War of the League of Cognac, the Florentines rebelled against the Medici, then represented by Ippolito de’ Medici, and restored the freedom of their republic. Following the Republic’s surrender in the Siege of Florence, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor issued a proclamation explicitly stating that he and he alone could determine the government of Florence. On 12 August 1530, the Emperor created the Medici hereditary rulers (capo) of the Republic of Florence.Pope Clement VII intended his relative Alessandro de’ Medici to be the ruler of Florence, but also wanted to give the impression that the Florentines had democratically chosen Alessandro as their ruler. The title ”Duke of Florence” was chosen because it would bolster Medici power in the region. In April 1532, the Pope convinced the Balía, Florence’s ruling commission, to draw up a new constitution, which formally created a hereditary monarchy. It abolished the age-old signoria (elective government) and the office of gonfaloniere (titular head-of-state elected for a two-month term) and replaced it with three institutions: the consigliere, a four-man council elected for a three-month term, headed by the ”Duke of the Florentine Republic”. the Senate, composed of forty-eight men, chosen by the Balía, was vested with the prerogative of determining Florence’s financial, security, and foreign policies. Additionally, the senate appointed the commissions of war and public security, and the governors of Pisa, Arezzio, Prato, Voltera and Cortona and ambassadors. the Council of Two Hundred was a petitions court； membership was for life.
■ Alessandro’s Reign
Even after Alessandro’s accession, Imperial troops remained stationed in Florence. In 1535, several prominent Florentine families, including the Pazzi (who attempted to kill Lorenzo de’ Medici in the Pazzi Conspiracy) dispatched a delegation under Ippolito de’ Medici, asking Charles V to depose Alessandro. Much to their dismay, the Emperor rejected their appeal. Charles had no intention of deposing Alessandro, who was married to Charles’ daughter Margaret of Parma. Alessandro continued to rule Florence for another two years until he was murdered on January 1, 1537 by his distant relative Lorenzino de’ Medici.
■ Cosimo’s accession and rule
As Alessandro left no legitimate issue, the question of succession was open. Florentine authorities selected Cosimo I in 1537. At the news of this, the exiled Strozzi family invaded and tried to depose Cosimo, but were defeated at Montemurlo. Cosimo completely overhauled the bureaucracy and administration of Florence. In 1542, the Imperial troops stationed in Florence by Charles V were withdrawn. In 1548, Cosimo was given Elba by Charles V, and based his new developing navy there. Cosimo founded the port city of Livorno and allowed the city’s inhabitants to enjoy freedom of religion. In alliance with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire, Cosimo defeated the Republic of Siena, which was allied with France, in the Battle of Marciano on August 2, 1554. On April 17, 1555, Florence and Spain occupied the territory of Siena, which, in July 1557 Philip II of Spain bestowed on Cosimo as a hereditary fiefdom. The ducal family moved into the Palazzo Pitti in 1560. Cosimo commissioned the architect Vasari to build the Uffizi, as offices for the Medici bank, continuing the Medici tradition of patronage of the arts. In 1569, Cosimo was elevated to the rank of Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1569 by Pope Pius V. Medici rule continued into the Grand Duchy of Tuscany until the family became extinct in 1737.

SE 0.9Km	University of Florence
SE 0.9Km	Museo Nazionale di San Marco
SW 0.9Km	Santa Maria Novella
SE 0.9Km	Galleria dell'Accademia
SE 1.0Km	David (Michelangelo)
SE 1.1Km	Ospedale degli Innocenti
SE 1.1Km	Florence Baptistery
SE 1.2Km	Florence Cathedral
SE 1.3Km	Palazzo Strozzi

vTourMap フィレンツェ公国 Duchy of Florence 佛羅倫斯公國 Ducato di Firenze

vTourMap フィレンツェ公国　 Duchy of Florence　佛羅倫斯公國　 Ducato di Firenze